Bilateral Opportunism in Buyer–supplier Partnerships

ABSTRACT

Purpose

Literature analyzes interorganizational relationships mostly from a relational perspective by emphasizing partnerships’ positive aspects. Yet business reality is often less romantic and more opportunistic. Especially within the automotive industry opportunistic behaviors often cause extreme reactions in both partners, resulting in poisoned relationships. This study examines the effects of bilateral opportunism between buyers and suppliers on both partners’ relationship induced financial performance, using an automotive industrial setting of new product development (NPD) partnerships. Furthermore, we evaluate the “opportunistic fit” between both partners to assess whether partnerships are characterized by opportunistic parity or unilateral domination.     

Why do buyers share knowledge with suppliers in new product development? current and alternative supplier antecedents

Purpose: Interfirm knowledge sharing has been well recognized to activate the performance and competitiveness improvement of the firms. Previous research has discussed the impacts of current suppliers on buyer–supplier knowledge sharing, but does not explain how this influence occurs. This study aims to disclose the mechanism by which both current and competing suppliers impact buyer–supplier knowledge sharing in buyers’ new product development activities.

Methodology/approach: This study proposed a conceptual model based on relational exchange theory and developed eight hypotheses. Questionnaire survey was used to collect empirical data from R&D staff of Taiwanese electronics firms. This study distributed 1,475 questionnaires and received 246 eligible questionnaires. Structural equation modeling was used to test and verify appropriateness of the proposed model.

Findings: The findings show that current supplier asset specificity positively and directly influences buyer–supplier knowledge sharing in new product development. The current supplier asset specificity also has indirect positive influence on buyer–supplier knowledge sharing in new product development via the mediating effects of buyer trust, satisfaction, and commitment. However, the attractiveness of alternative suppliers only indirectly and negatively affects buyer–supplier knowledge sharing via the mediating effects of buyer trust, satisfaction, and commitment.

Research limitations/implications: This study surveyed the firms in Taiwanese electronics industry. Nevertheless, new product development activities are executed by electronics firms in numerous countries and firms in various industries. For validating the generalization of this study’s results, future research can investigate firms in other industries and countries to verify the proposed model and hypotheses.

Practical implications: Current suppliers’ asset specificity is found to exert more influence on buyer–supplier knowledge sharing than alternative attractiveness. The findings imply that current suppliers should focus on investing specific assets for buyers other than stress the attractiveness and threat of competing suppliers.

Originality/value/contribution: This study initiates to approach the antecedents and influence mechanism of current buyer–supplier knowledge sharing via both perspectives of current and competing suppliers.     

外币报表折算中的现行汇率法和时态法

为了全面综合反映跨国公司整体的财务状况和经营成果，每届会计期末，公司都要编制整个跨国公司的合并财务报表。而在报表合并中应如何进行外币报表折算仍是国际会计争论的热点问题。     

论如何同时降低通货膨胀率和失业率——菲利普斯曲线的微观经济基础及其移动

菲利普斯曲线有其微观经济基础。菲利普斯曲线描述的货币工资变化率与失业率之间的关系取决于失业工人随机寻找工作的经济决策、在岗工人与公司之间的博弈行为、工会势力与公司讨价还价力量的均衡、公司调整产品价格和工人工资的决定、劳动供给曲线的斜率等。以此为理论基础,通过对工作报价、最低工资预期水平、搜寻工作的效率、工会势力和公司势力、辞职率与临时解雇率、生产技术效率、劳动周转率、劳动市场分隔及其不平衡等因素进行政策性调节,可以使菲利普斯曲线整体性向左下方移动,从而同时降低通货膨胀率与失业率。     

试论净现值法在投资决策中的缺陷及改进

净现值法作为一种基本的投资决策方法,更符合企业财富最大化的假设及长期发展目标。在实际应用中,净现值有时会使公司的投资决策预期与实际结果产生很大的偏差。运用风险累加法和参考经验数据法合理确定折现率,并引入实物期权理论,可提高决策的科学性和准确性,使投资决策更为合理。     

计算机广域网在物流系统的信息交换方式

计算机局域网和广域网在物流交换系统中得到广泛应用。广域网在信息交换方式上可分为三种模型,即直接信息交换模型,索取信息交换模型和网站平台信息交换模型。这三种模型在信息交换方式上各有优劣,它们适用的规模和范围也各有差异。制造业物流、商业流通物流和第三方物流企业在选择信息交换方式上应根据本企业自身的物流业务类型、特点、规模、经济实力情况,选择更适合、更合理的信息交换方式。     

不确定性决策与人民币汇率

运用不确定条件下决策的理论和方法,来分析人民币汇率风险评价及管理过程。研究表明,为规避汇率风险,应在完善汇率形成机制的同时,建立健全汇率政策信息的传递与反馈渠道;在微观方面,应积极建立衍生产品市场,为企业的避险行为提供有效的交易平台。     

人民币汇率价格信息传导机制研究 ——基于离岸和在岸即期市场的实证分析

随着人民币国际化进程的不断推进,离岸与在岸的人民币即期汇率市场之间开始有均值(或波动)的相互影响。该价格信息传导机制具体表现为:两个市场之间存在均值和波动溢出效应,并且均值溢出效应不太稳定,波动溢出效应相对稳定;内部因素的变化往往会改变价格信息传导的方向和作用,而外生冲击的影响则相对有限;当期升值较快的市场往往会主导均值溢出效应,但波动溢出效应是由受政策预期影响的在岸市场所主导;利好消息会减少离岸市场的波动,但会加大在岸市场的波动。     

对我国利率、投资、储蓄和货币供给量的协整与误差修正分析

理清中国的利率、投资、储蓄和货币供给量四个宏观经济指标之间的关系,对我国进行有效的调控具有很重要的意义。对以上四个指标进行协整和误差修正分析,判断它们的长期和短期关系。结果显示:从长期来看,这四个宏观经济变量存在很强的协整关系,且在短期范围内,这种关系对利率短期波动的影响是显著的。     

金融自由化趋势下的汇率制度选择和宏观经济政策表现——兼论中国汇率制度现状

在金融自由化趋势下 ,全球范围内的国际资本流动成为一种必然的要求 ,资本项目下国际资本的自由流动和汇率制度选择之间存在着一定的内在联系。同资本项目下国际资本的自由流动和浮动汇率制度的配合相比 ,资本项目下国际资本的自由流动和固定汇率制度的配合是没有效率的。我国的实际汇率制度是名为有管理的浮动汇率制度 ,实为固定的汇率制度 ,在资本自由流动成为必然的趋势下 ,这样的汇率制度安排必将影响到宏观经济政策的效率。